As You know Computer field is growing very rapidly and technology too My aim is to make you guys more comfortable with computer and its related fields.These Tutorials are for beginners and i hope you will enjoys these tutorials.
Lets get started our Journey ..........
Computer:-
Before starting computer definition you should know that every system has three main function.
1->Input.
2->Process.
3->output.
Let us Take an example of human digestive system.
1->You eat something it is "Input".
2->Your digestion System does some process on it it is "Process".
3->As a result You get Some Energy and release some waste it is "Output".
Same the case in computer system.
"A computer system takes some input,does some process on the input followed by the instruction(Program or software) and gives you some output"
Now here a question arises is it necessary to software run with out hardware or hardware can perform its function without software?
Answer is simple both are depend on each other but why? Here is the answer.
As you know we are humans and we are very similar to computers and we know our control center is brain which is responsible for every action.Suppose our entire body is dead but your brain is working fine do you think You can perform any action? no because your brains sends message but your body is dead.Now take a look on other side if your body is working fine but your brain is dead now your body can't perform any function because it is not receiving any instruction from brain.
The same procedure will be applied in computer. ..
hope so you got it.
Let us explore some history of computer.
The first Analytical Engine for general purpose digital computer was made by Charles Babbage in 1883. He was a mathematician . The actual Implementation of that Engine was achieved in 1943 when Harvard Mark 1 was build.
Analytical Engine :-
The Analytical Engine was a programmable digital plus mechanical machine which could do calculation and based on the the previews calculation could make any decision
and could work like that the generals computers can do now a days.It had Input ,processor,memory and output.As it was a mechanical machine so all the things were done by the man's power.
She was a student of Charles Babbage. She wrote her first program for Babbage's Engine.She was the first Programmer and on the behalf of that Ada Language was named on the name of Ada Lovelace by US Department of Defense .This language was specifically for Us military.
Introduced by Alan Turing in 1936, Turing machines are one of the key abstractions used in modern computability theory, the study of what computers can and cannot do.
A Turing machine is a particularly simple kind of computer, one whose operations are limited to reading and writing symbol son a tape, or moving along the tape to the left
or right. The tape is marked off into squares, each of which can be filled with at most one symbol. At any given point in its operation, the Turing machine can only read or write on one of these squares, the square located directly below its "read/write" head.
A test proposed to determine if a computer has the ability to think. In 1950, Alan Turing (Turing, 1950) proposed a method for determining if machines can think. This method is known as The Turing Test. The test is conducted with two people and a machine. One person plays the role of an interrogator and is in a separate room from the machine and the other person. The interrogator only knows the person and machine as A and B. The interrogator does not know which the person is and which the machine is.Using a teletype, the interrogator, can ask A and B any question he/she wishes. The aim of the interrogator is to determine which the person is and which the machine is.The aim of the machine is to fool the interrogator into thinking that it is a person. If the machine succeeds then we can conclude that machines can think.
A vacuum tube is just that: a glass tube surrounding a vacuum (an area from which all gases has been removed). What makes it interesting is that when electrical contacts are put on the ends, you can get a current to flow though that vacuum.
A British scientist named John A. Fleming made a vacuum tube known today as a diode. Then the diode was known as a "valve,"
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer was the world's first electronic digital computer. It was built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University during 1937-42. It incorporated several major innovations in computing including the use of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory, parallel processing, and separation of memory and computing functions.
Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University. The MARK series of computers began with the Mark I in 1944. Imagine a giant roomful of noisy, clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and 8 feet high. The 5-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959. The computer, controlled by pre-punched paper tape, could carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and reference to previous results. It had special subroutines for logarithms and trigonometric functions and used 23 decimal place numbers. Data was stored and counted mechanically using 3000 decimal storage wheels, 1400 rotary dial switches, and 500 miles of wire. Its electromagnetic relays classified the machine as a relay computer. All output was displayed on an electric typewriter. By today's standards, the Mark I was slow, requiring 3-5 seconds for a multiplication operation
ENIAC I (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator). The U.S. military sponsored their research,they needed a calculating device for writing artillery-firing tables (the settings used for different weapons under varied conditions for target accuracy). John Mauchly was the chief consultant and J Presper Eckert was the chief engineer. Eckert was a graduate student studying at the Moore School when he met John Mauchly in 1943. It took the team about one year to design the ENIAC and 18 months and 500,000 tax dollars to build it. The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors and 10,000 capacitors.
The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley. This was perhaps the most important electronics event of the 20th century, as it later made possible the integrated circuit and microprocessor that are the basis of modern electronics. Prior to the transistor the only alternative to its current regulation and switching functions (TRANSfer resISTOR) was the vacuum tubes, which could only be miniaturized to a certain extent, and wasted a lot of energy in the form of heat.
Compared to vacuum tubes, it offered:
1->smaller size
2->better reliability
3->lower power consumption
4->lower cost
The first commercially successful electronic computer, UNIVAC I, was also the first general purpose computer - designed to handle both numeric and textual information. It was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The implementation of this machine marked the real beginning of the computer era. Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC machine to the U.S. Bureau of Census in 1951. This machine used magnetic tape for input.
First successful commercial computer design was derived from the ENIAC (same developers)
first client = U.S. Bureau of the Census
$1 million
48 systems built
Lets get started our Journey ..........
Computer:-
Before starting computer definition you should know that every system has three main function.
1->Input.
2->Process.
3->output.
Let us Take an example of human digestive system.
1->You eat something it is "Input".
2->Your digestion System does some process on it it is "Process".
3->As a result You get Some Energy and release some waste it is "Output".
Same the case in computer system.
"A computer system takes some input,does some process on the input followed by the instruction(Program or software) and gives you some output"
Now here a question arises is it necessary to software run with out hardware or hardware can perform its function without software?
Answer is simple both are depend on each other but why? Here is the answer.
As you know we are humans and we are very similar to computers and we know our control center is brain which is responsible for every action.Suppose our entire body is dead but your brain is working fine do you think You can perform any action? no because your brains sends message but your body is dead.Now take a look on other side if your body is working fine but your brain is dead now your body can't perform any function because it is not receiving any instruction from brain.
The same procedure will be applied in computer. ..
hope so you got it.
Let us explore some history of computer.
Invention Of Computer:-
The first Analytical Engine for general purpose digital computer was made by Charles Babbage in 1883. He was a mathematician . The actual Implementation of that Engine was achieved in 1943 when Harvard Mark 1 was build.
Analytical Engine :-
The Analytical Engine was a programmable digital plus mechanical machine which could do calculation and based on the the previews calculation could make any decision
and could work like that the generals computers can do now a days.It had Input ,processor,memory and output.As it was a mechanical machine so all the things were done by the man's power.
Ada Lovelace :-
She was a student of Charles Babbage. She wrote her first program for Babbage's Engine.She was the first Programmer and on the behalf of that Ada Language was named on the name of Ada Lovelace by US Department of Defense .This language was specifically for Us military.
Turing Machine:-
Introduced by Alan Turing in 1936, Turing machines are one of the key abstractions used in modern computability theory, the study of what computers can and cannot do.
A Turing machine is a particularly simple kind of computer, one whose operations are limited to reading and writing symbol son a tape, or moving along the tape to the left
or right. The tape is marked off into squares, each of which can be filled with at most one symbol. At any given point in its operation, the Turing machine can only read or write on one of these squares, the square located directly below its "read/write" head.
The Turing test:-
A test proposed to determine if a computer has the ability to think. In 1950, Alan Turing (Turing, 1950) proposed a method for determining if machines can think. This method is known as The Turing Test. The test is conducted with two people and a machine. One person plays the role of an interrogator and is in a separate room from the machine and the other person. The interrogator only knows the person and machine as A and B. The interrogator does not know which the person is and which the machine is.Using a teletype, the interrogator, can ask A and B any question he/she wishes. The aim of the interrogator is to determine which the person is and which the machine is.The aim of the machine is to fool the interrogator into thinking that it is a person. If the machine succeeds then we can conclude that machines can think.
Vacuum:-
A vacuum tube is just that: a glass tube surrounding a vacuum (an area from which all gases has been removed). What makes it interesting is that when electrical contacts are put on the ends, you can get a current to flow though that vacuum.
A British scientist named John A. Fleming made a vacuum tube known today as a diode. Then the diode was known as a "valve,"
ABC:-
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer was the world's first electronic digital computer. It was built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University during 1937-42. It incorporated several major innovations in computing including the use of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory, parallel processing, and separation of memory and computing functions.
Harvard Mark 1:-
Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University. The MARK series of computers began with the Mark I in 1944. Imagine a giant roomful of noisy, clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and 8 feet high. The 5-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959. The computer, controlled by pre-punched paper tape, could carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and reference to previous results. It had special subroutines for logarithms and trigonometric functions and used 23 decimal place numbers. Data was stored and counted mechanically using 3000 decimal storage wheels, 1400 rotary dial switches, and 500 miles of wire. Its electromagnetic relays classified the machine as a relay computer. All output was displayed on an electric typewriter. By today's standards, the Mark I was slow, requiring 3-5 seconds for a multiplication operation
ENIAC:-
ENIAC I (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator). The U.S. military sponsored their research,they needed a calculating device for writing artillery-firing tables (the settings used for different weapons under varied conditions for target accuracy). John Mauchly was the chief consultant and J Presper Eckert was the chief engineer. Eckert was a graduate student studying at the Moore School when he met John Mauchly in 1943. It took the team about one year to design the ENIAC and 18 months and 500,000 tax dollars to build it. The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors and 10,000 capacitors.
Transistor:-
The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley. This was perhaps the most important electronics event of the 20th century, as it later made possible the integrated circuit and microprocessor that are the basis of modern electronics. Prior to the transistor the only alternative to its current regulation and switching functions (TRANSfer resISTOR) was the vacuum tubes, which could only be miniaturized to a certain extent, and wasted a lot of energy in the form of heat.
Compared to vacuum tubes, it offered:
1->smaller size
2->better reliability
3->lower power consumption
4->lower cost
UNIVAC 1:-
The first commercially successful electronic computer, UNIVAC I, was also the first general purpose computer - designed to handle both numeric and textual information. It was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The implementation of this machine marked the real beginning of the computer era. Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC machine to the U.S. Bureau of Census in 1951. This machine used magnetic tape for input.
First successful commercial computer design was derived from the ENIAC (same developers)
first client = U.S. Bureau of the Census
$1 million
48 systems built
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